I will also add that BRICS’ cautious approach to establishing independent trade and payment mechanisms can be seen as prudent rather than a lack of strategic coherence. Instead of rushing into rigid frameworks, BRICS has laid the groundwork for a long-term vision that supports financial sovereignty for member nations, which has the potential to evolve into a sustainable model. Recent discussions around de-dollarization and alternative trading mechanisms, while still developing, indicate that BRICS is actively pursuing ways to increase its members’ economic autonomy from Western structures, especially important in the wake of geopolitical tensions.