Utangulizi na kalenda ya matukio

Afrika ya kale haikutengwa na ulimwengu wa kale.

Utafiti wa kihistoria na kiakiolojia hutoa ufahamu thabiti wa biashara ya zamani ya kupita sahara, kutoka takriban 4000 BC (muda mrefu kabla ya 1 karne CE; na kuelezewa kuwa ni mwanzo na enzi ya madini ya Kiafrika katika kesi ya Senegal), ikianzia zamani Ufalme ya Kush katika Kerma, Sudan; kupitia kwa Darb el-Arbain njia ya biashara, na kuhusisha biashara ya uvumba, ngano, viungo, dhahabu, chumvi, wanyama/kuku, mafundi stadi na pembe za ndovu; na muhimu zaidi, uagizaji wa madini kama vile 'obsidian'kutoka Senegal kuunda vile, vitu, na ufundi wa chuma. Utafiti wa hivi majuzi wa kianthropolojia sasa umepata Manding maandishi katika misitu minene ya Amerika Kusini.

The Silk Routes

The interlocking trade networks connecting Africa to most of the Old World, brought about an exchange of trade in oriental [eastern] silks for kahawia, jade, rangi, viungo, dhahabu, mafuta na zana za kughushi, na kadhalika, karibu 114 KK, kutoka kwa kupanua nasaba ya Han.

Sanaa ya utengenezaji wa hariri ilibaki kuwa ya kipekee Kichina mauzo ya nje katika kipindi hiki, na hati za kifalme za Han zinaonyesha uhusiano wa kidiplomasia na biashara kati ya nasaba ya Han na Afrika, na mjumbe wa kidiplomasia '.Zhang Qian' kutumwa kwa usalama wa biashara ya nje ya bara, na pia kuunda ulinzi wa kisiasa, kwa biashara inayokua ya hariri. Zoezi hili liliendelea hadi mapema Nasaba ya Ming, na kumbukumbu za 'Zheng He‘ (a diplomat and Admiral) visiting the interior of Africa between 1419 CE na 1433 CE, and African ambassadors invited to visit Mfalme Zhu Di karibu 1421 CE. 

The Graeco-Roman periplus "Periplus ya Bahari ya Erythraea” pia ilitoa rekodi ya safari za meli na fursa za kibiashara kati ya Afrika na bandari za nje/kimkakati za biashara.

The Ufalme wa Kirumi kurithi mitandao ya biashara iliyoanzishwa ambayo iliunda sehemu ya Barabara ya hariri kati ya njia za biashara za mashariki na Afrika, kufuatia ushindi wa Misri katika 30 BC.

What is now known as ‘the silk routes, or silk road’ existed for more than 1,500 years, until approximately 1453 CE.

The Zimbabwe kubwa, Mali na Ufalme wa Ghana iliwekwa kwenye njia ya biashara, kati ya pwani ya mashariki na mambo ya ndani ya Afrika, na hivyo kusababisha idadi kubwa ya wafanyabiashara wa kati na vituo vya biashara, na mahitaji ya kodi na ulinzi njiani. 

Dini, teknolojia mpya, uvumbuzi na mawazo yalienea kando ya barabara za biashara za Kiafrika kama vile bidhaa, na kusababisha ukuaji wa miji ya kitamaduni kando ya mambo ya ndani ya njia za biashara za Sahara, ambayo ni. Gao na Timbuktu, na kadhalika

Katika kilele cha Mwamko wa Kiafrika, mfumo uliopangwa vizuri wa serikali chini ya uongozi wa King's, kama vile Musa Keita I au Mansa Musa, mtandao mpana wa usafiri na biashara wa wafanyabiashara wa Kiafrika na wasomi wa Kiislamu wa Kiafrika walitengeneza biashara muhimu ya vitabu, na kuanzisha Timbuktu kama kituo cha wasomi katika Afrika, circa 988 CE na kuendelea.

Matokeo yake, hadithi za utajiri wa Afrika, mauzo ya nje ya nchi, mwamko, mtindo wa maisha na utamaduni wa hali ya juu zilichochea uvumi huko Uropa, kama sio tu kuwa tajiri sana, lakini pia kuwa wa kushangaza. Hadithi hizi zilisaidia kuchochea shauku ya Uropa na uchunguzi wa fursa barani Afrika.

Kupungua kwa falme hizi (majimbo ya Kiafrika) kulitokana na mabadiliko ya mienendo ya biashara ya kimataifa, ushindani wa ndani [hasa, Saadian/Morocco uvamizi wa Niger mambo ya ndani, Vita vya Tondibi, na Vita vya Alcácer Quibir] njia mpya za biashara ya meli, ujuzi wa hali ya juu wa baharini/urambazaji na silaha, kuongezeka kwa mahitaji na ushindani wa ardhi, upatikanaji wa bidhaa na rasilimali kama vile dhahabu, mabadiliko ya utawala wa kijiografia na itikadi.

Mgawanyiko wa kisiasa wa eneo hilo, uporaji wa miji yenye tamaduni nyingi, fasihi na hazina za milki kuu kama vile Mali, Songhai, Kongo/Kongo, na kuongezeka kwa uwepo wa Ottomanya na Ureno iliashiria mwisho wa eneo hili kama nguvu bora/inayobadilika katika biashara.

Background: The beginnings of European activity in Africa.

Like other foreign travelers and purveyors of goods prior, African merchants and traders were certainly open to the European newcomers. 

Kuwasili kwa wafanyabiashara wa kwanza wa Uropa, zaidi ya miaka 5440 baada ya kubadilishana (inayojulikana na kurekodiwa) biashara ilianza Afrika, inaweza kuhusishwa na nahodha mdogo wa Ureno 'Antam Gonçalvez' ambaye, baada ya kusikia hadithi za uwezekano wa biashara na faida, alianza safari ya kwenda Afrika Magharibi, Kusini mwa Jangwa la Sahara 1441 CEchini ya maelekezo ya 'Dom Henrique wa Ureno, Duke wa Viseu' kupata ngozi za sili, pilipili nyeusi, viungo na mafuta, kwa ajili ya mauzo ya kuendelea Lizaboni.

Ureno ilikuwa na nia ya kudumisha ukiritimba wa biashara katika Afrika, na ilitafuta uhalali wa nafasi yake, uvumbuzi wa mapema na nyanja ya ushawishi (njia mpya za biashara zilizopatikana), kupitia a Papa Bull ya 1442 CE, iliyoteuliwa na Papa Eugene IV, the consequence of which would be the legitimisation of enslavement of captives within Africa, under the premise and designation of the enterprise as a crusade; a Papa Bull kwa Papa Nicolas V, katika 1452 CE na 1455 CE, na Papal Bull kutakasa Mkataba wa Tordesillas (mwaka 1494 BK).

Wakati huo, wakati wa karne ya 15 na 17, fedha na dhahabu vilikuwa viwango vya kimataifa vya kubadilishana katika Ulaya na Asia. Ugavi wa madini ya thamani ulikuwa muhimu ili kukuza uchumi, na kurejesha sarafu kwa kubadilishana na kuagiza.

Mantiki sawa na nguvu za nyenzo zilikuwa zikifanya kazi katika unyonyaji wa dhahabu ya Mayan na Uhispania, na hii ilipokwisha, ushujaa wa migodi ya fedha ya Mexico. Indeed, much of the rivalry between European countries in the 15th and 18th centuries were born out of the desire to protect and prop up their currencies.

Habari za ushujaa wa Ureno barani Afrika zilisikika katika nchi jirani Uhispania, na hela zingine za Ulaya, na hisia nyingi zimeachwa nje ya nyara.

Kati ya 1495 CE na 1559 CE, mamia ya meli za Kireno zilivamiwa, kutekwa na kuporwa na Waingereza, na vivyo hivyo, kujihusisha kwa siri kwa Kiingereza katika Vita vya Agadir ('Santa Cruz') 1541 CE.

Mfalme Yohana III ya Ureno aliandika kwa Malkia Mary wa Uingereza (1555. CE) as a consequence, demanding reparations for the seized and looted ships. Notably, in both Portugal and Spain, it was the monarch who instituted titles to trade monopolies across the new ‘emerging commercial frontier’, deriving a duty, or tax for trade monopolies.

Ratiba mashuhuri ya ushiriki wa Uropa barani Afrika ni pamoja na Uhispania (kutoka 1462); Uingereza (kutoka 1562, with Bermuda kuwa milki ya Taji mnamo 23 Novemba 1614), Amerika ya Kaskazini (kutoka 1619); Uholanzi (kutoka 1592); Ufaransa (kutoka 1594), e.t.c.

Trade with Africa required enormous wealth, and financing. It remained the exclusive privilege of emperors, noblemen, or rich merchants. The Europeans thus developed further innovations, for commerce in Africa, through the establishment of trading corporations. The Dutch East India Company, Danish West India Company and The French West India Company were formed in 1602/1659/1664 respectively, which enabled a broader spectrum of merchants to invest in the profitable newly found trade in Africa; insuring, and spreading its business risks.

The Kampuni ya Royal Adventurers ya Uingereza iliundwa mnamo 1660 na Mfalme Charles II ya Uingereza, mkataba unaotoa ukiritimba wa biashara katika pwani ya magharibi ya Afrika, inayobadilika kuwa Kampuni ya Royal African katika 1672.

The evolution of this innovative institution, the joint stock/trading company, was the single most significant development in the world of 17th century commerce. This guaranteed Western Europe could harness its resources towards the structuring and maintaining of trade in Africa, as well as much of the world.

Hatimaye, ilianzisha utaratibu ambao Ulaya, bila kukusudia, ilienea, iliingia na kukoloni sehemu nyingi za dunia.

During this period the social and political landscape of Europe experienced successive transformations from the feudal, to the mercantile and to an industrial business hub. London, Antwerp, Liverpool, Amsterdam and Nantes emerged as prime financial centers of Europe. What is rarely told is that a staggering 40% of the UK’s budget in 1833 CE, the equivalent of approximately £20bn in today’s terms, was used to compensate the English merchants towards the eventual demise and collapse of the illicit profiteering of trade in Africa; excluding displaced African’s from any recompense.

Kupunguza na mila ya kupungua kwa utamaduni wa Kiafrika na nafasi yake katika historia: Lugha ya Hadithi za Kisheria.

The Corpus Juris huunda msingi muhimu wa kufikiria juu ya shida utu wa kisheria.

Ius naturale / (lex naturalis), (ya milele na isiyoweza kubadilika) inatoa maadili ya kimawazo, asili ya asili ya mwanadamu - viumbe vyenye hisia ngumu ambavyo vinajulikana sio tu na ubinafsi, mahitaji na hamu ya kula, lakini kujitambua (ufahamu), haki, marupurupu, wajibu, uwezo wa kuunda mahusiano ya kisheria. , na kwa mipaka ya maumivu, magonjwa, mateso na kifo.

Dhana za kinadharia za kanuni za sheria (sheria za kisheria) huunda mtaro wa utambuzi wa vyombo mbalimbali/ vyenye sura nyingi, mikusanyiko, watu binafsi, mchakato wa "mengine”, kufanya ubinadamu, na kupanua jumuiya ya watu. Hili ni tatizo, linakabiliwa na kutokuwa na uhakika na kutokuwa na uhakika (mbaya zaidi, kiholela), na hupunguza uwezo kamili na ahadi ya utu.

Terms such as “slave” or “enslavement” pervades and conditions all other inherent identities, either chosen or given. To reduce the utu to a nonhuman noun is to produce linguistic violence, and strips the individual of agency. To argue contrary flies in the face of empirical fact. The scholarly exercise of embellishing and sugar-coating the language of historical recall, implies a degree of wilful and/or premeditated amnesia and wastes an opportunity to reinforce the brutish-callousness of the word.

Kadhalika, kupunguzwa kwa ukweli wa Kiafrika kama, uwakilishi wa kizushi, au matukio, yasiyo na kiini cha falsafa na kiakili - kwamba Waafrika hawana historia - ni wazo la Eurocentric, kutokana na kalenda ya matukio iliyotajwa hapo juu; na sio msingi katika ukweli. Ndivyo ilivyo pia muundo wa kisasa wa 'ulimwengu wa tatu', 'usizoendelea', 'zinazostawi', au 'zisizo za kidemokrasia' - zinazohukumiwa kwa mujibu wa viwango vya Eurocentric.

Social critic and sociologist WEB Du Bois defined this peculiar/eurocentric faux-ethnographic characterisation of the African sociocultural ethnology, as indeed a new invention – a religion founded on the eurocentric (scholarly) dogma that all the hues of God are grounded on the intrinsic hierarchy of religious orthodoxy; with the inevitable corollary of the collective physical, ideological, religious, systemic or cultural traits of the ‘Nyingine' (watu ambao walikuwa nje ya muundo wa kisasa wa nguvu ya hegemonic) kama isiyothaminiwa sana na 'jamii za kisasa'.

The primary basis of this reconfiguration, was to institute and strengthen the agency of eurocentric capitalist systems, backed by a cluster of social, incorporeal/religious, semantic conjecture and legal regimes. 

As a result, and beyond any doubt, where this new religion (or hegemonic construct) was not able to win converts through peaceful inducement or fear, it deployed cruder methods to safeguard its power, conscripting laws, customs and institutions to put into effect its prerogatives. 

Hitimisho:

Sosholojia ya utawala iliibuka kupitia Papa ng'ombe ya 1442 CE, 1452 CE, 1455 CE, na 1494 CE. Nadharia zake zinazohusiana na alama bandia za kisayansi za tofauti za asili za ya 18, 19, na karne ya 20, iliyoanzishwa na kutoa uhalali wa kimaadili ili kuendeleza ubadhirifu wa kimfumo unaotoka Ulaya na Amerika; kuelekea karne ya 21. Msingi wa mfumo huu ni wa kawaida kupitia fomu za kisasa na mediums; iliyojumuishwa kwa kiasi kikubwa katika nyanja za kijamii, kisayansi, kiuchumi/kifedha, kisiasa (sera za umma), kitaaluma, kiroho, vyombo vya habari, fasihi na kitamaduni, na kutekelezwa kupitia mtandao tata wa kanuni na sheria, nguvu za kitaasisi na kimuundo zilizokusanywa hivi karibuni.

The European intervention broke down African advanced, progressive, political and social structures. Until the mid-fifteenth century (CE), Afrika ilikuwa ni nguvu ya kiuchumi inayoibuka. Afrika ya Kati ilikuwa na utamaduni wa kisasa wa chuma unaounganisha Bahari ya Kaskazini, Kusini na Hindi. Afrika Magharibi iliunganishwa na Bahari ya Mediterania kwa njia za biashara kuvuka Sahara. Ujio wa Ulaya wa 1441 CE kuendelea, ilikatiza mageuzi ya asili ya mazingira tata ya kibiashara ya Kiafrika yenye tamaduni nyingi; mazingira yake ya kiviwanda, maalum/kisayansi, kidini na kitaalamu ya kale.

Machafuko yaliyofuata yalisababisha kusambaratika kwa familia, na kusababisha uchungu usioelezeka wanaume, wanawake na watoto, huku Afrika ikipoteza mafundi stadi wa karne nyingi, wafua dhahabu, vito, waashi, maseremala, wakulima, wanamuziki, mapadri, mahakama, watengenezaji wafalme na wasomi; kupotea kwa majirani, kaka, dada, shangazi, mjomba, mtoto wa kiume, binti, binamu, mama, baba, utamaduni, ....

Kwa itikadi inayojikita kwenye kanuni ya uundaji wa pseudo-hegemonic cum-capitalist, athari mbaya kwa bara la Afrika, katika masuala ya nasaba, kiuchumi na kifedha, haiwezi kupimika.

© UTAMADUNI